Where physical signals become a working system.
Hover over components and connections to explore the system schematic. This diagram represents the complete signal path from AC input to processed data.
The AC measurement and load side of the system. Voltage and current sensors interface with mains-level electrical signals while providing isolation to the low-voltage control domain.
Mains AC power connects to the system through a fused input connector. The line and neutral paths feed both the load and the voltage sensor.
The ACS712 Hall-effect current sensor is placed in series with the AC load. It outputs an analog voltage proportional to the current.
The ZMPT101B voltage transformer senses AC voltage and outputs an isolated analog signal proportional to the mains voltage.
A standard AC-powered electrical load (such as an incandescent bulb) connected in series with the current sensor.
The ESP32 and signal processing section. Sensor outputs connect to the microcontroller ADC inputs. Power regulation provides stable voltages for all components.
Dual-core 240 MHz processor with integrated Wi-Fi and BLE. Reads sensor ADC values and computes electrical parameters.
Two 12-bit ADC channels sample CURRENT_SENSE and VOLTAGE_SENSE signals simultaneously for accurate power calculation.
The ESP32 is powered at 3.3V. The ACS712 requires 5V, provided by the ESP32 USB supply or external regulator.
High-voltage AC systems require appropriate isolation, protection, enclosure, and safe engineering practices. The sensors in this system provide galvanic isolation between the AC domain and the ESP32. Mains voltage is never directly connected to GPIO pins.
MEASURE. UNDERSTAND. CONSERVE.